Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal Ion Modes in Dusty Space Plasmas Application in Saturn’s Magnetosphere

Abstract Frequent observations of ion beams moving out from Saturn’s plasma environment hints at the generation Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal (BGK) modes. As environments Saturn and its moon Enceladus are characterized by ubiquitous presence massive negatively charged dust particles, existing BGK theory for electron-ion models cannot address this scenario. This manuscript develops a theoretical model studying modes in dusty plasmas. The analysis reveals that enhances stability density increases, effect other parameters on stability, such as electron temperature, becomes negligible. is developed assuming electrons ions follow kappa distribution, featuring long tail trend superthermal component, agreement with observations. Different scenarios either or obeying Maxwell distribution function have been considered. A thorough trapped considering various combinations indicates where thermal equilibrium least favorable system